যে Clause নিজে নিজে পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না, অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য Principal Clause-এর উপর নির্ভর করে তাকে Subordinate Clause/Dependent Clause বলে। Subordinate Clause সাধারণত একটি Subordinating Conjunction যেমন- when, while, before, after, till, until, who, which, whom, since, though, although, if, unless ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
Rahim said that he was good.
Classification of Subordinate Clause:
1) Noun Clause 2) Adjective Clause 3) Adverbial Clause
কোনো Clause যদি Noun-এর কাজ করে তবে তাকে Noun Clause বলে। Noun Clause সাধারনত that, what, how, why, whether etc দ্বারা সূচিত হয়। আগেই উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে যে ৬টি বিষয় Noun-এর কাজ করে। কোনো Clause যদি এই ৬টি অবস্থানে আসে তাহলে তাকে Noun Clause হিসেবে গণ্য করতে হবে। সেই ৬টি বিষয় হলো :
A. Subject:
That he is very intelligent is known to me.
B. Object:
I know where he lives.
Hints: Where দেখে অনেকে মনে করেন এটি Adverbial Clause। কিন্তু আসলে এটি know verb এর object হওয়ায় Noun Clause হবে।
He asked me why I was late.
Hints: Ask verb-টি একটি di-transitive verb বা দ্বিকর্ম বিশিষ্ট ক্রিয়া । Me হচ্ছে উহার ১ম object, আর উক্ত clause-টি হয় object হওয়ায় Noun Clause হয়েছে।
C. Preposition-এর object:
Listen to what I say.
We cannot depend on what he said.
D. Subject Complement:
The question is how he will respond.
E) Object Complement:
We named our house what he suggested.
You may call the man whatever you like.
F. Appositive:
The news that he has come back is not true.
Hints: এখানে Clause-টি necus-এর পরিচিতিমূলক বর্ণনা, তাই Noun Clause, কিন্তু that clause যদি nervs-কে modify করে তাহলে তা Adjective Clause হবে। যেমন—
The news that you gave me is not true.
Note: Subject + be verb + adjective + that clause হয় সেগুলোর That clause-কে Noun Clause হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। যেমন--
Tam glad that you have passed the exam.
It is obvious that he was wrong
a suffix
al prefix
an auxiliary
a syllable
a suffix
a prefix
an auxiliary
a syllable
যে Clause কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-এর পরে বসে এটিকে বিশেষিত (modify) করে তাকে Adjective Clause বলে। এ ধরনের Clause-এর শুরুতে who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why of Conjunction থাকে। সাধারণভাবে Adjective Clause-গুলো relative pronoun দ্বারা শুরু হয়ে থাকে । Adjective Clause-এর Relative Pronoun নিম্নোক্ত অবস্থান নিতে পারে :
A. Subject: The man who came here is my brother.
B. Object: The man whom you saw here is my brother.
C. Object of Preposition The man to whom you spoke is my brother.
D. Possessive: The man whose car broke down is my brother.
>>>Adjective Clause-এর Relative Pronoun যদি object-এর স্থলে থাকে তাহলে সেই Relative Pronoun-কে বাদ দেয়া যায়।
যেমন— The man whom you saw here is brother। বাক্যটিতে Whom, object-এর থাকায় এটিকে বাদ দিয়ে লেখা যায় এভাবে—
The man you saw here is my brother.
The news he gave me was false.
>>>Adjective Clause-এর Relative Pronoun যদি Preposition-এর Object-এর স্থলে বসে তাহলে সেই relative pronoun-কে বাদ দেয়া যায়। তবে শর্ত হলো। তখন Preposition-টি clause-এর verb-এর পরে বসে।
যেমন—The man you spoke to is my brother.
>>>When, where, why বা how দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া কোনো Clause যদি তার পূর্ববর্তী Noun/Pronoun- কে modify বা বিশেষিত করে তখন ঐ Clause-টি Adjective Clause হয়ে যায়।
I remember the place where I was born.
I knew the reason why he was angry.
যে relative clause-গুলো noun-কে define (সংজ্ঞায়িত) বা identify (সনাক্ত) করে সেইসব relative clause কে defining/identifying/ restrictive relative clause বলে।
What's the name of the tall man who just came in?
যে relative clause-গুলো noun সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয় সেসব relative clause কে non-defining /non-identifying/non-restrictive relative clause বলে। যে, relative clause-টি noun-এর পর কমা (,) দিয়ে পরবর্তী clause টি লিখতে হয়।
This is Ms Rogers, who's joining the firm next week.
যে clause টি verb কে modify করে তাকে Adverbial clause বলে। সাধারণত verb-কে when, where, why, how দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে প্রাপ্ত উত্তরটি Adverbial Clause হবে ।
I shall go where he lives.
A) Adverbial clause of Time
B) Adverbial clause of place
C) Adverbial clause of Reason
D) Adverbial clause of Manner
E) Adverbial clause of Concession
F) Adverbial clause of Condition
G) Adverbial clause of Comparison
H) Adverbial clause of Degree
I) Adverbial clause of result
J) Adverbial clause of purpose
Adverbial Clause of Time: Before, after, when, whenever, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
When I was 5, I went to a school.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
Adverbial Clause of Place: Where, wherever, whenever দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
You may go wherever you like.
Adverbial Clause of Reason: Because, since, as ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
He often visits Spain because he likes the climate.
We use the adverbs of cause and effect in case and just in case to state the reason for why we are doing something earlier than expected or in advance.
For example; In case it rains later, John brought his umbrella to school.
A clause which is used to tell you about the purpose of the verb in the main clause is called adverb clause of purpose.
Adverb clauses of purpose are introduced by the subordinating conjunction that, so that, in order that, in order to and lest. Moreover, these expressions are usually followed by modal auxiliary verbs such as will, can, may, could or might.
Adverbial Clause of Condition: If, unless, provided, providing that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
-If you come, I will go.
-You cannot pass unless you study hard.
Adverbial Clause of Manner: as, how etc. দ্বারা শুরু হয়ে verb-এর কাজটি কীভাবে, কেমন করে সম্পাদিত হয় তা বর্ণনা করে।
Do the work as show you.
Adverbial Clause of Comparison: এতে than থাকে।
-He is wiser than I thought.
Adverbial Clause of Concession: Though, although দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
-Although he is poor, he is honest.
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